Abstract: With the 'Global South' playing an increasingly important role in the current and future international emissions landscape, the North–South divide over climate responsibility and governance has emerged as a key factor shaping the process of global climate governance and the arrangement of institutions. This divide has simultaneously made Southern Countries an increasingly crucial force in addressing the structural dilemmas of global climate governance and reforming the governance system. The climate risks faced by the 'Global South' are often disproportionate to its adaptive capacity, rendering these countries particularly vulnerable to climate tipping points and their cascading effects. Such risks are transmitted through cross-sectoral and transboundary mechanisms, diffusing into economic and social domains as well as the global sphere. In turn, this not only undermines the overall effectiveness of global governance but also constrains the prospects for sustainable development worldwide. The 'Global South' is confronted with multiple challenges in global climate governance, including institutional barriers arising from asymmetries in governance arrangements, the dilemmas of effective climate governance triggered by the "carbon colonialism" and "carbon liabilities" imposed by Northern Countries, inadequate responses resulting from the tightening of climate finance channels and the subsequent reliance on market-based regulatory instruments, and a trend towards fragmented cooperation in climate governance owing to the lack of internal cohesion. The 'Global South' is committed to propelling a just transition in international climate governance by adjusting the institutional design of global climate governance mechanisms, constructing collaborative systems of climate governance, diversifying policy instruments and financial sources, and enhancing cooperation among developing countries. Through these measures, it seeks to coordinate 'South–South' and "North–South" relations and strengthen the impact of the "Global South" on climate agenda setting process.